Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine

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Table. 2.

Comparison of the three conditions of squat exercise between normal and abnormal alignment groups (unit: degree)

(n = 30)

Movement Joint Condition N group HQ group t-value p-value
Mean ± SE Mean ± SE
Sagittal plane movement (flexion/extension) Hip B -46.56 ± 3.67 -49.54 ± 5.06 .477 .637
D -30.47 ± 2.08 -29.41 ± 5.77 .210 .835
P -41.09 ± 3.30 -43.76 ± 5.04 .452 .655
Knee B 31.77 ± 1.96 32.09 ± 3.37 -.088 .930
D 18.26 ± 1.34 22.62 ± 3.60 -1.372 .182
P 38.70 ± 1.66 35.70 ± 2.81 .969 .342
Ankle B 17.56 ± .76 16.11 ± .70 1.224 .232
D 1.26 ± .67 .61 ± .52 .647 .523
P 32.00 ± .68 31.11 ± .29 .872 .391
Frontal plane movement (abduction/adduction) Hip B -7.16 ± 1.38 -5.90 ± 1.97 -.534 .598
D -5.80 ± 1.43 -3.01 ± 2.10 -1.120 .273
P -7.19 ± 1.15 -4.19 ± 2.69 -1.215 .235
Knee B -1.12 ± .70 -2.03 ± .56 .863 .396
D -3.14 ± .88 -3.08 ± .75 -.044 .965
P -.04 ± .81 -3.27 ± 1.02 2.363 .026*
Ankle B -12.07 ± .87 -13.73 ± 1.92 .907 .373
D -10.49 ± 1.09 -10.85 ± .89 .221 .826
P -5.71 ± .79 -5.97 ± .93 .194 .848
Transverse plane movement (internal/external rotation) Hip B -3.41 ± 1.26 -5.26 ± 2.02 .819 .420
D -3.36 ± 1.48 -7.89 ± 2.34 1.712 .098
P -4.27 ± 1.24 -9.34 ± 2.14 2.187 .038*
Knee B 1.03 ± 1.47 4.11 ± 2.54 -1.128 .269
D -2.18 ± 1.63 -1.75 ± 2.49 -.148 .884
P -1.95 ± 1.24 -2.86 ± 1.11 .439 .664
Ankle B 13.96 ± 1.12 12.25 ± 1.44 .906 .373
D 12.67 ± 1.30 12.68 ± 1.65 .003 .997
P 16.48 ± 1.24 14.31 ± 1.82 .986 .333

The values are expressed as the means and standard error. * indicate significant differences between the N and HQ groups. Positive values represent extension, adduction, external rotation in the hip joint, and flexion, adduction, external rotation in the knee joint, and plantar flexion, inversion, and external rotation in the ankle joint. The abbreviation is as follows. N, normal group; HQ, high Q-angle group; B, squat posture on Bare floor; D, squat posture on 15° Dorsiflexion tilt table; P, squat posture on 15° Plantar flexion tilt table. *p < .05.

J Korean Soc Phys Med 2024;19:11-20 https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2024.19.4.11
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