Simplified Signaling Pathways of AMPK Related to Single Modes of Exercise Training. Representative distinctive signaling pathways of endurance-based exercise training (ET) and resistance-based exercise training (RT) are shown in this diagram. As a molecular signaling link between ET and RT, the inhibition of mTOR by ET-mediated AMPK activation via TSC1/2 is also presented. In addition to AMPK, some other feasible upstream activators of PGC-1α such as SIRT1, CaMK and p38 MAPK, which may be dependent or independent of AMPK signaling and their mutual influences in ET are also indicated (SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 (NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1), CaMK: Ca²⁺/calmodulindependent protein kinase, p38 MAPK: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase).